Semiochemicals in pest management pdf

The authors recently developed a pheromone trap- immediate behavioral changes. Allelochemicals are based monitoring system for the orange wheat blossom classified as kairomones, which mediate interactions in midge OWBM , Sitodiplosis mosellana, at Rothamsted favor of the recipient, and allomones, which favor the Bruce et al.

OWBM is a common and growing emitter. Synomones, which benefit both the emitter and the pest of wheat in the Northern Hemisphere, causing severe recipient, and apneumones, which are substances produced yield losses in high infestation years. Larval feeding on by nonliving material that elicit behavioural responses that developing seeds causes shriveling and premature sprouting, benefit the receiving organism but are harmful to a second as well as facilitating secondary fungal attack by Fusarium organism found on the nonliving material.

This has an impact on both the yield and the quality of the harvested grain. However, in a outbreak in interactions. The spatial distribution of OWBM is very patchy and varies from year to year depending on Insect parasitoid kairomones climatic conditions. The ovipositing female is and oviposition. Aldehydes, alcohols, sulfur-containing a small insect that can hide in the crop canopy.

The larvae compounds, esters, terpenes, alkanes, heterocyclic aromatic are also hidden within the wheat ear, which is both a cryptic compounds, proteins, amino acids, triglycerides, and salts and difficult spray target. To achieve effective control, any were among the semiochemicals. Semiochemicals identified insecticide application must be made as soon as possible in the habitat-location step were most likely from the host before larvae burrow in between the lemma and palea.

The mostly from the host insect. Reduction of pest population through mating field trials, with different release profiles, and effective trap disruption, attract and kill, mass trapping and and dispenser designs were determined. Observations of trap catch variability and its relationship to 7. Strategy for use of the semiochemicals in the Pest subsequent infestations were used to develop a decision Suppression. This model is a distillation of some complicated data gathered over several The most successful approach to using Semiochemicals in years of research, but it has been framed in terms of what it pest control is to monitor pest population activity or to means for farmers who use traps.

A large Interaction of insects and plants semiochemicals number of synthetic pheromones are released into the crop Insects live in a volatile compound environment that to prevent or delay mating, thereby reducing the likelihood contains insect herbivore, host plant, and insect carnivore of an insect in the next generation.

Mass trapping is thought semiochemicals. These volatile chemicals interact with one to be the most effective method for suppressing and another, eventually changing the behaviour and physiology eradicating low density and isolated pest populations. The of insect pest species. Some insects use host plant main goal of mass trapping is to catch the insect in order to compounds as sex pheromones or sex pheromone precursors remove a large number of insect populations from a source Reddy, [36].

Many butterflies, moths, beetles, before mating, oviposition, or feeding, thereby preventing grasshoppers, and aphids used pyrrolizidine alkaloids crop damage. Orchid bee males collect terpenoids and infect, and attract and sterilize, respectively.

The from orchids and use them as aggregation pheromones to technique reduces the insect population by killing the target induce the formation of leks, or sites where males compete insect, reducing its fitness and fecundity, or disabling it by for females Dressler, [14]. Semiochemicals have a successful practical application in Potential use of semiochemicals in insect pest monitoring the presence and abundance of pest populations management Witzgall et al. The monitoring system aids in Semiochemicals have been used to control insect pests for the decision-making process for pest control measures that over a century Soroker et al.

Insect sex keep the pest population below the economic threshold pheromones are semiochemicals that are widely used in the level. It can be done using either kairomones or pheromone management of insect pests, particularly those belonging to baits or traps.

Tarps based on kairomones have been widely the order Lepidoptera. Aggregation pheromones from the used to monitor the biological control agent Rhizophagus order Coleoptera are also used to control economically grandis, a predator of the spruce bark beetle Dendroctonus important agricultural insect pests.

Semiochemicals have micans population Hosking et al. Because of the successfully managed several serious agricultural pests, strong attractant and species specific nature of pheromone including the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae, the fall attraction, pheromone bait traps are more effective in armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, the tomato leaf miner monitoring insects than kairomones El-Sayed et al.

A pheromone-based monitoring system can be used to beetle MPB Dendroctonus ponderosae, Asian citrus assess population abundance and trends, as well as the psyllid Diaphorina citri, and the red palm weevil RPW.

Thresholds of the catch are Semiochemicals are considered safe and environmentally determined based on the magnitude of trap captures, either friendly molecules due to their natural origin, low for timing or deciding whether or not to take control persistence in the environment, and species specificity, all measures Meurisse et al.

Pheromone lures are of which contribute significantly to their non-target currently used in traps to monitor a variety of crop pest organism toxicity Horowitz, These pheromone traps are used to detect low- density populations as well as to monitor the presence of Semiochemicals are utilized for the management of invasive species and to prevent their establishment and insect pests through the following tactics: spread Trematerra, [40].

Multiple pheromones in a 1. Detection of invasive species and in delimiting surveys. Monitoring the populations of endemic species to behaviour of different species in the stored grain pest. Sex synchronized the timing of insecticide treatments pheromones for Ephestia cautella Walker , E. Evaluationoftheeffectivenessofpestmanagementtacticsth Plodia interpunctella, Trogoderma granarium Everts , and roughpost-applicationassessment. Improvement of old method of insect counts used for Tribolium confusum are mixed into natural food attractant decision-making.

It manipulates insect behaviour in such a way that insect population control. The technique is defined as the population numbers are reduced. The environment where a placement of a sufficient number of pheromone traps in a specific insect pest needs to be controlled is saturated with dense enough density to eliminate enough adults from the synthetic sex pheromones, interfering with males' ability to population and thus reduce subsequent larval damage locate the natural pheromone plume emitted by females.

Baker, Pheromones for monitoring are typically Mating disruption with synthetic pheromones or para used at low densities, and trapped insects have no effect on pheromones does not completely stop mating, but it does population reduction Baker, [2].

Insect emitted pheromone systems that attract females, such as females have a limited time to mate and reproduce, and any weevils red palm weevil and snout beetles, mass trapping delay in mating may affect their fitness and ability to select is effective.

Females are trapped in this system, so mass suitable oviposition sites Rochat et al. Some trapping directly reduces egg laying. The technique works insects' mating systems involve the transfer of specific well with insects that have a low population density, live a peptides that cause the females to lay eggs.

Four long time before egg-laying, lay a small number of eggs, mechanisms have been proposed to explain how mating and the emerging larvae cause significant damage disruption occurs: Oehlschlager, [34].

Competitive attraction or false trail following Attractant This happens when males respond to synthetic pheromone The attract and kill technique involves the use of plumes produced by semiochemical dispenser rather than semiochemicals to lure an insect to a source containing a the natural plume emitted by the calling female Rochat et killing agent, which results in the reduction of the insect al.

This mechanism is density-dependent and population by killing or reducing the fitness of the target decrease in efficiency population of pest increases. Plants have evolved a plethora of defence mechanisms against insect attack, including the release of Camouflage defence volatiles.

In this case, the attracting natural enemies antagonistic to herbivores Khan male cannot locate the positions of the females and it is et al. Pheromones e. Appropriate plants that naturally emit signaling chemicals Semiochemicals were discovered El- Sayed, [15]. The Mating Disruption Strategy use of lure and kill for pest management of pink bollworm, Mating disruption is a technique in which synthetic sex Egyptian cotton leafworm, codling moth, apple maggot, pheromones are dispensed into the pest habitat in sufficient biting flies, and bark beetles, as well as the eradication of quantities to reduce a male's ability to locate the female, invasive species such as tephritid fruit flies and boll weevils, thereby affecting the organism's ability to reproduce has been reported Mensah, Mauchline et al.

Attractant insect pheromones, such as sex and aggregation pheromones, are species- Repellent specific Semiochemicals signals that have been identified A repellent is a substance that prevents insects from finding, and successfully used in many insect pest management feeding, or ovipositing on the host. In pest control, repellent programmes worldwide Gut et al. Mating is used to create an odor barrier to prevent an arthropod disruption using sex pheromones has been successfully from entering a space occupied by a potential host, acting as implemented in pest management programmes for many a "safe zone" to reduce insect-host encounters Cook et al.

Semiochemicals with repellent properties are used to vegetables, and forests Welter et al. Citronella oil and [42, 11]. Control of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella in pine oil, for example, have been found to have repellent or pome fruit, the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta in oviposition deterrent properties against some insects. DEET stone fruit like peaches and nectarines, the tomato pinworm, is widely regarded as the most effective commercial Keiferia lycopersicella in vegetables, the pink bollworm, repellent on the market, and it is primarily used to repel Pectinophora gossypiella in cotton, and the omnivorous hematophagous insects.

Mating disruption was found to be effective in suppressing Helicoverpa spp. Pentadecanal, an allelochemical, has and Zoctadecenal in a polyvinyl chloride PVC resin been shown to be an oviposition deterrent against the stem formulation El-Sayed et al.

A pheromone blend borer, Chilo suppressalis. Push-pull is a pest control strategy that employs repellent and attractant Semiochemicals to manipulate pests and their Mass Trapping natural enemies Pickett et al.

The Recent advances in molecular access will pave the way for Push-pull strategy employs Semiochemicals for behavioural further research into the role of semiochemicals in pest manipulation of insect pests and their natural enemies by control applications in the future. There is a need for more integrating insect stimuli that make the protected resource efficient technology methods for the application of unpalatable and unattractive to the pests push component semiochemical-based control methods.

The push References component is a trap crop or intercrop grown around the 1. Exploiting colonization and development protect the main crop, semiochemicals in insect control. Pesticide resulting in a push effect Khan et al. These cues science, 3 Baker TC. Use of pheromones in IPM. Integrated pest et al. It was reported that the Napier grass was management, Cambridge University Press.

Controlled-release systems dispensers stimulo-deterrent diversion. Pheromones are ap- are fundamental to achieving release rates that mimic plied for controlling insect pests in two different ways: the natural release. Two main types of devices were re- indirect control and direct control. Indirect control corded for the application of different semiochemical includes monitoring for quarantine and spray timing products, retrievable and passive non-retrievable dis- strategy, whereas direct control includes mass trapping pensers EFSA A description of these devices and area-wide dissemination applications.

Area-wide follows: dissemination involves three strategies: disruption, at- tractant and attract-and-kill lure and kill which are 3. Retrievable dispensers widely used commercially. Additionally, pheromone stance is released discontinuously from the device. North America, and Europe Carter et al. Monitoring monly used for pheromone application that allows Semiochemical-baited traps using pheromones effective prolongation of releasing levels.

These ochemical is formulated in a granular form. Utilization of semiochemicals peak flight activity Weinzierl et al. Phe- for controlling insect pests romone traps provide an easy, efficient, and ex- Recently, semiochemical-based tactics have become tremely sensitive way to detect different insects. Pheromones and other semiochemicals female to attract members of the opposite sex are widely applied not only for controlling insect pests male for mating.

However, aggregation phe- Weinzierl et al. Semiochemi- ing and aggregation at a food resource. Temperature is an impor- Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens Lepidop- tant factor that affects the stability increased diffusion tera: Tortricidae based on pheromone-baited of volatile compounds, leading to decreased molecule traps in Canada. Also, this strategy was applied lifetime in the environment. There are many advan- on the lesser date moth Batrachedra amydraula tages of using semiochemicals in IPM strategies such Meyrick Lepidoptera: Batrachedridae Levi- as: their high volatility allows diffusion for long dis- Zada et al.

In Egypt, many researchers tances, application in low concentrations, and rapid used monitoring strategy for estimating popu- dissipation that reduces health and environmental lation fluctuations of different insect pests, such risks compared with chemical pesticides.

For all these as Tuta absoluta Meyrick Lepidoptera: Ge- reasons, utilization of semiochemical substances pro- lechiidae Abd El-Ghany et al.

Moreover, vides prospective interest in IPM programs. Mating disruption 4. Mass trapping Mating disruption is a strategy which uses spe- Controlling insect pests can be achieved by cies-specific sex pheromones that affect mating attracting the target pest to a semiochemical- behavior by releasing huge amounts of synthet- based lure and subsequent removal of the at- ic pheromones into the atmosphere.

Applica- tracted pest from the wild population. These tion of this tactic was performed with different strategies can be done using mass-trapping or orchard moths McDonough et al. Mass trapping, as a me- rett ; Atterholt et al. Four mechanisms of mat- ing steps for removing low pest densities of in- ing disruption are considered: i competitive sect pests Knipling ; El-Sayed et al.

A lure is created with sleeves or rub- occurs due to saturation of the environment ber septa as a substrate for the semiochemical with semiochemical substances causing ran- substance fixed on a sticky surface or in liquid dom flight patterns and thereby missing the fe- holders. Continuous maintenance of this type male position and effectively blocking mating, of trap is required due to saturation with cap- iii sensory desensitization: adaptation of the tured insects.

Attract and kill iv disguise emigration of males prior to mat- Several pest management strategies employ ing : males emigrate from the area due to excess pheromone-baited or kairomone-baited traps pheromone, causing them to be unavailable for to monitor populations for different purposes. This Mating disruption is used as a potential con- strategy has been applied to insect pests of both trol for lepidopteran pests. In Canada, Rhainds field crops and stored products.

Studies on the et al. Also, the disruption strategy has been used weevils and tephritid fruit flies Phillips ; to disrupt the aggregation behaviour of some Prokopy et al.

Furthermore, the attrac- pest populations using heterospecific attractive tiveness of ammonium carbonate as a general semiochemical compounds antiaggregation olfactory cue combined with a five-component pheromones and heterospecific synomones.

For storage regulating the attack density by blocking late- facilities, pheromone traps provide information arriving beetles from attacking a tree of conspe- important for making management decisions.

Heterospecif- from over 35 species of stored-product insect ic synomones are adaptive for insects either to pests, all of which are beetles and moths Bur- avoid aggregation and orientation to the wrong kholder ; Phillips Abd El-Ghany: Semiochemicals for controlling insect pests 7 occupied by a different species Evenden et al.

Efforts have also So, it is particularly necessary for sym- been made to incorporate alarm pheromones patric species such as bark beetles Pureswaran as repellents in push-pull strategies, in order to et al.

Also, orientation disrup- 4. It is a combination of Recently, Wallingford et al. This strategy obviously requires Diptera: Drosophilidae. A combination of at- knowledge of insect biology, chemical ecology, tractive mass trapping pull , and 1-octenol, and the interactions between host plants and as an oviposition deterrent push caused high natural enemies Miller and Cowles ; Khan reduction in D.

A diagrammatic graph alone. Other strategies using semiochemicals Figure 1. The potential use of aphid alarm phe- Semiochemicals remain a promising and at- romone as a direct control mechanism has been tractive research subject. Other semiochemicals Fig. These strategies mainly depend on Abd El-Ghany N. These semiochemicals are used Egypt. These compounds A. Efficacy of some eco-friendly biopesticides against catch a wide spectrum of species that use simi- Tuta absoluta Meyrick.

An evaluation of some eco-friendly biopestici- Zauli et al. Furthermore, semiochemi- des against Bemisia tabaci on two greenhouse tomato cals are utilized to manipulate the behavio- varieties in Egypt. Journal of Plant Protection Research 57 1 : 9— For example, lil S. Impact of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. Archive Phytopathology and Plant Protection signals that benefit the receiver, help predators 46 5 : — Con- et al.

Also, utilization of trolled release of insect sex pheromones from paraffin wax and emulsions. Journal of Controlled Release — Models for Mating Disruption et al.

Researches on Population Ecology 37 2 : — Effect of synthetic pheromone permeation on semiochemicals recently was used for man- captures of male codling moth Lepidoptera: Tortricidae in pheromone and virgin female moth-baited traps at different agement of some important insect pests. For tree heights in small orchard blocks. Environmental Ento- example, the date palm weevil, Rhynchopho- mology 24 5 : — Neglected Hormone.

Natural Science — Borden J. Disruption of semiochemical mediated severe damage to date palm plantations. For aggregation in bark beetles Coleoptera: Scolytidae. Minks, eds. Springer, Boston, MA. Syner- pheromone 4-methylnonanol , and other gistic blends of monoterpenes for aggregation pherom- semiochemical attractive substances 4-me- ones of the mountain pine beetle Coleoptera: Curcu- thylnonanone which are recorded as kai- lionidae.

Journal of Economic Entomology 4 : — CO;2 bination has been shown to be synergistic for Bowers W. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17 10 : Interestingly, active compounds extracted — For in- pp.

Biological con- doptera littoralis Boisd. Subramanyam, D. Hagstrum, eds. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae have been Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, pp. Practical use of pheromones and oth- insects in Egypt Ahmed et al. These er attractants for stored-product insects. Ridgeway, R. Silverstein, M. Inscoe, eds. Marcel Results reveal the deterrent effect of such ex- Dekker Inc.

Reindarstellung und Konstitution. Abd El-Ghany: Semiochemicals for controlling insect pests 9 tractant of the silk moth Bombyx mori — clean presenta- cajan L. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung 14b: composition. Pharmaceutical Biology 54 8 : — Anal- Hassan R.

Trit- ysis of genetic diversity in an invasive population of Asian erpenes and cytotoxic activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia long-horned beetles in Ontario, Canada. The Canadian En- Hochst. Research Journal of Pharmaceu- tomologist 6 : — The use of push-pull heggen F.

Fast gas chroma- strategies in integrated pest management. Annual Review tography characterization of purified semiochemicals from of Entomology — Asteraceae and annurev. Journal of Chromatography Cork A. Pheromone manual. Natural Resources Institute. Identification of Hussain A. In: Proceedings of the vertebrates. Physiological Entomology 20 1 : 23— Highley, E. Wright, H. Banks, B. Champ, Dressler R.

Biology of the orchid bees Euglossini. An- eds. Canberra, Australia. DOI: ksu. Since the early twentieth century, chemical industry provides farmers large amounts of synthetic chemicals used as fertilizers and pest control products. Agriculture became intensive and the crop … Expand. Mathematical modelling for sustainable aphid control in agriculture via intercropping.

Medicine, Environmental Science. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Growers of organic tree fruit face challenges in controlling some pests more easily suppressed by broad-spectrum insecticides in conventionally managed orchards. In recent decades, there has been a … Expand. Cultural Control and other Non-Chemical Methods. Cultural practices are among the oldest techniques used for pest control.

Generally, cultural control is the manipulation of abiotic and biotic components of the agroecosystem that makes the cropping … Expand. Pheromone trapping in controlling key insect pests: progress and prospects. View 1 excerpt, cites methods. African Entomology. View 1 excerpt, cites background. Pheromones as Component of Integrated Pest Management. During the seventies and the eighties, environmental and social side effects of synthetic pesticides led to the development of Integrated Pest Management IPM programs.