Skip to content. Toggle navigation. Author : Gene A. Organic Chemistry Made Ridiculously Simple. Get Books. A clear and concise review of the structure of organic molecules and their reactivity. Explains the basic principles of organic chemistry and provides help with reactions, synthesis, mechanisms, spectra, reagents, and study methods.
Die Organische Chemie, die Welt des Kohlenstoffs, ist spannend, vielschichtig und manchmal auch ein wenig schwer zu verstehen. Wenn es knallt und stinkt, dann ist Chemie im Spiel! Clinical Biochemistry Made Ridiculously Simple. Focuses on the basic conceptual background of clinically relevant biochemistry for medical students and other health professionals. Line drawings and Biochemistryland Map in envelope inside back cover.
Graduate students and medical students have different needs in their learning of biochemistry. Thermal Instability: Some organic compounds decompose into simpler fractions when heated to temperature of about o C and above. Hence, they are unstable in the presence of high temperature. Reactivity: Reactions involving organic compounds tend to be slower compared to the inorganic compounds. Thus, hydrocarbons are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon.
Other components of crude oil includes oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. All hydrocarbons can be represented by the molecular formula CxHy, where x and y represents the number of carbon C and hydrogen H respectively present. Examples of these hydrocarbons are the alkenes as alkynes. Members of this class of hydrocarbon includes the following. Table 1. The difference between the members of the series could also be noticed here to be —CH2.
It is formed by replacing the —ane of the alkane with —ene. This is given by the general formula of CnH2n It is formed by replacing the —ane of alkene with —yne.
Examples of these are the cycloalkanes as shown by table 1. The two industrial sources of aromatic hydrocarbons are from the destructive distillation of coal and reforming of petroleum. Other aromatic hydrocarbons include phenol, toluene and xylene. He showed that the structure of benzene is a resonance hybrid canonical forms which are both of equal energy content. They can be represented by the same general formula e.
CnH2n for alkenes. Each member of the series by a —CH2 group. The members show regular gradation of physical properties 4. They express similar chemical properties, e.
Each member of the series can be prepared by the same general method. This process involves splitting heavy molecules into smaller molecules in the presence of high temperature and pressure. Cracking could be either catalytic or thermal. This is the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons to branched-chain hydrocarbons in the C6 to C10 range to improve the octane rating of the motor fuel, e.
The octane rating of fuel is raised by the presence of branched-chain hydrocarbons e. Thus, heptane C7H16 that produces much knocking is given the value of 0 and iso-octane which produces little knocking is given value of This could be prevented by the addition of branched-chain alkanes 2,2,4-trimethylpentane or iso-octane or lead tetraethyl.
It involves the direct replacement of hydrogen in the alkane molecule by another atom or group. An example is in methane with sunlight acting as a catalyst. It can be represented by the general equation. C2H4 ethene. Ethene polymerizes to give polyethene. These compounds are called structural isomers e. Lactic acid. But the alkanes have no effect. Alkane does not show any visible change. Distinguishing Test between Ethene and Ethyne.
When each is passed through an aqueous ammoniacal solution of copper I chloride or silver I chloride at room temperature, ethyne produces a reddish brown precipitate of copper I acetylide or silver I acetylide while ethane shows no reaction. The petroleum, being less dense than the surrounding water, then gets expelled from the source beds and migrate upward through porous rock such as sandstone and some limestone until it is finally blocked by nonporous rock such as shale or dense limestone.
In this way, petroleum deposits become trapped by geologic features caused by the folding, faulting, and erosion of the Earth's crust. Refining of Petroleum Refining simply refers to the separation of useful products such as petrol, kerosene etc. This is done in a petroleum refinery by a technique called fractional distillation which involves taking advantage of the boiling point ranges of the different fractions using a fractionating column.
Gas oils and Diesel C C 25 Raw material for oil cracking process, fuel for diesel engines. What is the structure of the straight-chain compound that is isomeric with 2,2,4- trimethylpentane B. How would you identify ethane and ethyne if left in anunlabeled bottles respectively. Name the process, II.
Name the product formed, III. Would ethane undergo the same process? Give a reason for answer. Explain the term 'polymerization'. List three conditions under which ethene will undergo polymerization. What is the product formed. Two hydrocarbons A and B were each shaken with bromine water. A decolorized the solution while B did not. To what classes of hydrocarbons do A and B belong? Which of A or B can polymerize? Give reasons. List three characteristics of a homologous series. Give an example of I.
Alkene II. Alkyne C. Two hydrocarbons X and Y were treated separately with acidified potassium tetraoxomanganate VII solution. X decolorized the solution and Y did not. Which of X and Y will undergo I.
Substitution reaction only. Both addition and substitution. Cyclohexene d. All alkanols contain at least one hydroxyl group -OH as a functional group.
Table 2. While the alkyl groups are formed by removing an atom of hydrogen from each of the alkane members. Classes of Monohydric Alkanols Monohydric alkanols are classified into primary, secondary and tertiary. Physical State: The lower members are colourless with distinctive odour and a burning taste. Solubility: The lower members are highly water-soluble due to the presence of the hydroxyl group -OH , but solubility decreases as the homologous series ascends due to increase in molecular weight.
Melting Point: The simpler alkanols have low melting points. Boiling Point: Their boiling points are considerably higher than those of the alkanes because of the presence of hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl group -OH. H2S04 ethene Excess b When the ethanol is in excess, ether is formed. H2S04 ethoxyethane ether II. Oxidation of Alkanols a. Oxidation to Dicarboxylic Acids: Oxidizing a dihydric alkanol e.
Iodoform Reaction This is a reaction whereby a mixture of ethanol, a few crystals of iodine o and washing soda is heated at 70 C to give a pale yellow crystals tri -iodomethane iodoform on standing.
Methanol does not give similar reaction, hence a test for distinguishing between ethanol and methanol methanol. This could further be dehydrated to obtain absolute ethanol with The simplest of this class is phenol C6H5OH which is also called hydroxybenzene and in water, carbolic acid. It's also soluble in water due the presence of hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms. When crushed cassava was warmed with dilute hydrogen chloride acid, a sweet-tasting compound, D was obtained.
When compound D was treated with the enzyme, zymase and the mixture distilled, a clear and colourless liquid, E, was obtained. When liquid E was warmed with ethanoic acid in the presence of a few drops of concentrated tetraoxosulphate IV acid, a compound, F, with fruity smell was obtained.
To what class of compounds does D belong? Name E and F. Write the functional group in F. Write the equation for the reaction between E and ethanoic acid. Name the type of reaction that takes place between E and ethanoic acid. Write chemical equations to illustrate the oxidation of i.
What is fermentation? How would you prepare absolute ethanol, starting from cane sugar? Account for the solubility of methanol and ethanol in water. Draw the structure of the straight-chain compound isomeric with 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane. Account for the fact that phenol is a stronger acid than ethanol.
List three uses of methanol and glycerol each. The first four members of the group OH are as shown by table 3. Table 3. Further, the examples above can be classified as monocarboxylic acids because of the presence of only one O carboxylic end -COOH or C in each case. Members from C4-C9 are also liquid and are partially soluble in water while the higher members are solids and irtually insoluble.
But this property is affected by branching which tends to lower it a s i n o t h e r compounds. Reaction is covalent in nature. Reaction is ionic. The reaction is slow The reaction is relatively fast 3.
Reaction is reversible Reaction is irreversible. An ester and water are formed Salt and water are formed 5. Catalyst is necessary for the reaction to Catalyst is unnecessary for the reaction. Methanoic acid is used in dyeing, tanning and coagulating rubber. Ethanoic acid is used in coagulating rubber latex. Ethanoic acid is used as a weak acid.
Higher carboxylic acids are used in soaps and detergents production. They have a fruity sweet odour. They are soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water. They are colourless neutral liquids. Chemical Properties of Alkanoate A.
Ethyl ethanoate is insoluble in sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate VI. They do not decolourize bromine water. Hydrolysis of alkanoate with dilute mineral acids H2SO4 or HCl on boiling yields ethanol and ethanoic acid. Alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl ethanoate yields sodium or potassium ethanoate soap and ethanol. They are naturally occurring esters alkanoates and are grouped as glycerides. Fats are saturated glycerides at room temperature while oils are unsaturated, and can be made saturated by exposure to oxygen or by hydrogenation.
They contain fatty acids such as octadecanoic acid stearic acid , hexadecanoic acid palmitic acid , octadecenoic acid oleic acid and glycerol propan-1,2,3-triol.
This is used in the production of margarine. Manufacture of soap by saponification.
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